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TSM101/A
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CONTROLLER
s 1.24V SERIES VOLTAGE REFERENCE s s s s
WITH 10mA OUTPUT CURRENT AND 1% PRECISION (TSM101A) TWO OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS WITH ORED OUTPUT AND 1MHZ GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT BUILT-IN CURRENT GENERATOR WITH ENABLE/DISABLE FUNCTION 4.5 TO 32V SUPPLY VOLTAGE RANGE SO8 AND DIP8 PACKAGES
DESCRIPTION The TSM101/TSM101A integrated circuit incorporates a high stability series band gap voltage reference, two ORed operational amplifiers and a current source. This IC compares the DC voltage and the current level at the output of a switching power supply to an internal reference. It provides a feedback through an optocoupler to the PWM controller IC in the primary side. The controlled current generator can be used to modify the level of current limitation by offsetting the information coming from the current sensing resistor. APPLICATIONS This circuit is designed to be used in battery chargers with a constant voltage and a limited output current. It can be used in every types of application requiring a precision voltage regulation and current limitation. Other applications include voltage supervisors, over voltage protection... ORDER CODE
Part Number TSM101C/AC TSM101I/AI Temperature Range -20C, +80C -40C, +105C Package N * * D * *
N DIP8 (Plastic Package)
D SO8 (Plastic Micropackage)
PIN CONNECTIONS (top view)
1 2 3 4
Vref
8 7 6 5
N = Dual in Line Package (DIP) D = Small Outline Package (SO) - also available in Tape & Reel (DT)
June 2001
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TSM101/A
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Symbol VCC Iout Pd Vin Iout Tstg Tj Tthja
1. 2. 3.
Parameter DC supply Voltage Output Current Input Voltage Input Current Storage Temperature Maximum Junction Temperature Thermal Resistante Junction to Ambiant
3) 2) 1)
Value 36 20 200 -0.3, VCC -1.5 1 -40 to +125 150 130 to 200
Unit V mA mW V mA C C C/W
Power Dissipation
All voltages values, except differential voltage are with respect to network ground terminal. The voltage reference is not protected against permanent short circuit. The magnitude of input and output voltages must never exceed -0.3V or VCC -1.5V.
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Symbol VCC Toper Supply Voltage Operating Free Air Temperature Range Parameter Value 4.5 to 32 Tmax to Tmin Unit V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Tamb = 25C, VCC = 15V (unless otherwise specified) OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: TSM101C/I/AC/AI
Symbol ICC Vi Vio Total Supply Current VCC = 1.5V Input Voltage Range Input Offset Voltage 25C Tmin. Tamb Tmax. Input Bias Current @ Vin =1.2V on pin and Vin =0V on pin 5 25C T min. Tamb Tmax. Output Sink Current, Vol =2.5V 25C T min. Tamb Tmax. Large Signal Voltage Gain RL =2k Tmin. Tamb Tmax. Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio Tmin. Tamb Tmax. Common Mode Rejection Ratio Tmin. Tamb Tmax. Gain Bandwith Product Vcc =15V, F = 100kHz Vin = 10mV, R L = 2k, CL = 100pF Output Leakage Current 25C T min. Tamb Tmax. 0 -5 -7 1 Parameter Min. Typ. Max. 2 VCC - 1.5V 5 7 V mV nA -700 -1000 -300 0 0 mA 15 8 V/m V 90 80 1 dB dB Unit mA
Iib
I sink
Avo
15 65
SVR CMR
GBP
MHz
Io
2 7
A
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TSM101/A
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Tamb = 25C, VCC = 15V (unless otherwise specified) VOLTAGE REFERENCE : TSM101
TSM101C Symbol Vref Kvt Reglo R egli Parameter Min. Reference Voltage Iout = 1mA, Tamb = 25C Temperature Stability Tmin Tamb Tmax Load Regulation 1 < Iout < 10mA Line Regulation 5 < V in < 32V 1.21 Typ. 1.24 30 5 3.5 Max. 1.27 100 15 10 Min. 1.21 Typ. 1.24 35 5 3.5 Max. V 1.27 120 15 10 ppm/C mV mV TSM101I Unit
VOLTAGE REFERENCE : TSM101A
TSM101AC Symbol Vref Kvt Reglo R egli Parameter Min. Reference Voltage Iout = 1mA, Tamb = 25C Temperature Stability Tmin Tamb Tmax Load Regulation 1 < Iout < 10mA Line Regulation 5 < V in < 32V 1.227 Typ. 1.24 30 5 3.5 Max. 1.252 100 15 10 Min. 1.227 Typ. 1.24 35 5 3.5 Max. V 1.252 120 15 10 ppm/C mV mV TSM101AI Unit
CURRENT GENERATOR: TSM101, TSM101A
TSM101C/AC Symbol Io K cgt C glir V csen Current Source Temperature Stability Tmin Tamb Tmax Line Regulation 4.5 < Vcc< 32V Voltage at the enable pin to have Io = 1.4mA Tmin Tamb Tmax Voltage at the enable pin to have Io = 0mA Tmin Tamb Tmax Input Current on the Csen pin Tmin Tamb Tmax Leakage Current Vcs = 2V Tmin Tamb Tmax Parameter Min. Typ. 1.4 500 0.003 0.03 Max. Min. Typ. 1.4 600 0.003 0.03 Max. mA ppm/C mA V 0.6 0.6 V 2 30 2 A 30 A 0.5 2 0.5 2 TSM101I/AI Unit
Vcsdis Icsen Icsleak
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TSM101/A
DESCRIPTION
Name Vref Vrin Crin C rref Csen Pin 1 7 5 3 2 Type OUTPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT INPUT Voltage Regulation Loop input Current Limitation Loop Input, connected to the sense resisto Current Limitation Reference Input Current source enable input. This current source can be used to offset the voltage measurement on the sense resistor and therefore to modify the charge current. The current source enabled when the input voltage on pin 2 is lower than 0.8V. Output pin common to the voltage regulation and current limitation loops. This output can drive the primary side (LED) of an optocoupler. Power Supply Input (4.5 to 32V DC) Ground Function Voltage Reference Output 1.24V, 10mA max. Do not short circuit
OUTPUT Vcc GND
6 8 4
OUTPUT INPUT INPUT
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APPLICATION NOTE
A BATTERY CHARGER USING THE TSM101
This technical note shows how to use the TSM101 integrated circuit with a switching mode power supply (SMPS) to realize a battery charger. An example of realization of a 12V Nickel-cadmium battery charger is given. 1 - TSM101 PRESENTATION The TSM101 integrated circuit incorporates a high stability series band gap voltage reference, two ORed operational amplifiers and a current source (Figure 1) Figure 1 : TSM101 Schematic Diagram The galvanic insulation of the control information is done by using an opto-coupler in linear mode with a variable photo current depending on the difference between the actual output voltage and the desired one. A current limitation is used to protect the power supply against short circuits, but lacks precision. This limitation is generally realized by sensing the current of the power transistor, in the primary side of the SMPS. The role of the TSM101 is to make a fine regulation of the output current of the SMPS and a precise voltage limitation. The primary current limitation is conserved and acts as a security for a fail-safe operation if a short-circuit occurs at the output of the charger. 2 - PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The current regulation loop and the voltage limitation loop use an internal 1.24V band-gap voltage reference. This voltage reference has a good precision (better than 1.5%) and exhibits a very stable temperature behavior. The current limitation is performed by sensing the voltage across the low ohmic value resistor R5 and comparing it to a fixed value set by the bridge composed by R2 and R3 (Figure 3). When the voltage on R5 is higher than the voltage on R3 the output of the current loop operational amplifier decreases. The optocoupler current increases and tends to reduce the output voltage by the way of the PWM controller. The voltage regulation is done by comparing a part of the output voltage (resistor bridge R6, R7 and P1) to the voltage reference (1.24V). If this part is higher than 1.24V, the output of the voltage loop operational amplifier decreases.
1 2 3 4
Vref
8 7 6 5
This IC compares the DC voltage and the current level at the output of a switching power supply to an internal reference.It provides a feedback through an optocoupler to the PWM controller IC in the primary side. The controlled current generator can be used to modify the level of current limitation by offsetting the information coming from the current sensing resistor. A great majority of low or medium end power supplies is voltage regulated by using shunt programmable voltage references like the TL431 (Figure 2).
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TSM101/A
Figure 2 : SMPS Using a TL431 as Voltage Controller
The optocoupler current increases and tends to reduce the output voltage by the way of the PWM controller. By enabling the TSM101 current source (pin 2) it is possible to offset the current sensing by a voltage equal to : Voff # R4 * Io with Io = 1.4mA This offset lowers the output charge current and this function can be used to charge two types of batteries having different capacities. The current source is enabled by connecting pin 2 to ground 3 - CALCULATION OF THE ELEMENTS The charge current is regulated at 700mA (if the charge control input is left open) or 200mA (if the charge control input is put to ground ), allowing the charge of two different types of batteries. 3.1 - Voltage limitation The end-of- charge voltage is limited at 1.45V/cell, this is the recommended voltage for an ambient temperature at 25oC. A diode is generally inserted at the output of the charger to avoid the discharge of the battery if the charger is not powered. This diode is sometimes directly integrated in the battery pack. The influence of this diode on the charge is negligible if the voltage drop (0.7V) is taken into account during the design of the charger. The voltage at the output of the charger is :
R6 + R 7 * Vout = ---------------------R6
Vref * R6= ------------------------------- x R7 Vout - Vref
P1, which is a part of R6 and R7 is not considered in this equation. The following values are used on the application board : * R7 = 12k * R6 = 1k * P1 = 220, adjust for Voutput = 15.2V with the battery replaced by a 1k resistor * R10 = short circuit * C3 = 100nF 3.2 - Current regulation R5 is the sense resistor used for current measurement. The current regulation is effective when the voltage drop across R5 is equal to the voltage on pin 5 of the TSM101 (assuming that the internal current source is disabled). For medium currents (<1A), a voltage drop across R5 of 200mV = Vr5 is a good value, R5 can be realized with standard low cost 0.5W resistors in parallel. Vr5 * R5 = --------- , R5 = 0.285 (four 1.2 resistor in Ich parallel) R2 and R3 can be chosen using the following formula : Vref - Vr5 * R2 = R3 x ----------------------------
V r5
x Vr
CHARGE CONTROL If the pin 2 is left open, the charge current is nominal at # 700mA.
and regarding R6 and R7 :
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TSM101/A
If pin 2 is connected to ground, the internal current source is enabled, the current measurement is off-setted by a voltage equal to : * Vr4 = Io x R4 with Io = 1.4mA This can be used to lower the charging current or eventually to stop the charge, if Vr4 > Vr5 In our example, the current offset is equal to 700 200mA = 500mA, representing a voltage offset Vr4 = 140mV across R4. The following values are used on the application board : * R5 = 4 *1.2 0.5W in parallel * R4 = 100 * R2 = 1.2k Figure 3 : SMPS Using the TSM101 * R3 * R9 * R1 * C2 * C5 * C1 * C4 = 220 = short circuit = 10k = 100nF = 100nF = output capacitor of the SMPS = 10F
4 - SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Figure 2 represents a schematic of the output circuit of a "classical" SMPS using a TL431 for voltage regulation. This circuit is modified to use theTSM101 and the final circuit is represented in figure 3.
5 - IMPROVEMENT 5.1. High frequency compensation Two R-C devices (R9 + C2 & R10 + C3) are used to stabilize the regulation at high frequencies. The calculation of these values is not easy and is a function of the transfer function of the SMPS. A guess value for the capacitors C2 and C3 is 100nF. 5.2. Power supply for TSM101 In applications requiring low voltage battery charge or when the charger is in current regulation mode, the output voltage can be too low to supply correctly the TSM101. The same problem occurs when the output is short-circuited. A solution to provide a quasi constant supply voltage to the TSM101 is shown at figure 4 : an auxil-
iary winding is added at the secondary side of the transformer. This winding is forward coupled to the primary winding, the voltage across it is directly proportional to the mains rectified voltage, even if the flyback voltage is close to zero. As this auxiliary winding is a voltage source, it is necessary to add a resistor (R11) on the cathode of the rectifier (D3) to limit the current. A low cost regulator (Q2 and Zener diode D4) is used to power the TSM101. This is necessary with autoranging SMPS with wide input voltages, for example 90 to 240V without switching. In standard SMPS with voltage range from 200 to 240VAC or 100 to 130VAC, this regulator can be removed and replaced by the small power supply shown on figure 5 (Raux, Caux, D2).
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TSM101/A
Figure 4 : An Auxiliary Winding for TSM101 Power Supply
5.3. Higher Precision for the Voltage Control The voltage drop through the sense resistor R5 offsets the voltage measurement. In most battery charging applications, this offset is not taken into account because the error is negligeable compared to the end-of-charge voltage due to the fact Figure 5 : Precise Output Voltage Control
that the charging current value decreases drastically during the final phase of the battery charging. But in other applications needing highest possible precision in voltage control, another connecting schematic is possible for TSM101 as shown on figure 5.
In this schematic, the 0V reference is defined as the common point between the sense resistor, the 0V Output Voltage, the foot of the resistor bridge
R6/R7, and the ground (pin 4) of the TSM101. TSM101A (1% internal voltage reference precision) is required in such applications.
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TSM101/A
5.4. An example of application where the charging current is different according to the charging phase. The following application includes a specific recommendation which requires that the charging current should be fixed to Ich1 = 800mA in normal charging conditions, and Ich2 = 200mA when the cell voltage is below Vl=2.5V to optimize the cell life-time. Moreover, an Charging Status LED should be switched off when the cell voltage is above Vh=6.5V. Figure 6 shows how this can easily be achieved using an additional dual comparator (type LM393) where the first operator (C1) is used to activate the TSM101 internal current generator to offset the current measurement thanks to R4, and the second (C2) is used to switch the status LED off. On figure 6, the status signal is determined by voltage measurement, this could as well be achieved by current measurement. If V5 = 100mV is the maximum tolerable voltage drop through the sense resistor R5 during normal charging conditions, then the following calculations apply : Figure 6 : Optimized Charging Conditions Current Control : R5 = V5 / Ich1 = 0.1 / 0.8 = 0.125 R5 = 125m V5 = Vref x R3 / (R2 + R3) with R2 + R3 ~ 12k and Vref = 1.24V R3 = 1k, R2 = 11.4k V5 = R4 x Io + R5 x Ich2, therefore, R4 = (V5 - R5 x Ich2) / Io with Io = 1.4mA R4 = 53.6 Vref = Vl x R15 / (R14 + R15) with Vl = 2.5V and R14 + R15 ~ 20k R15 = R14 = 10k Voltage Control : Vref = Vh x R6 / (R6 + R7) with Vh = 6.5V and R6 + R7 ~ 12kW R6 = 2.36kW, R7 = 10kW Vref = Vh R17 / (R16 + R17) R17 = 10kW, R16 = 42kW Voltage Control : Vref = Vh x R6 / (R6 + R7) with Vh = 6.5V and R6 + R7 ~ 12kW R6 = 2.36kW, R7 = 10kW Vref = Vh R17 / (R16 + R17) R17 = 10kW, R16 = 42kW
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EVALUATION BOARD -TECHNICAL NOTE
TSM101 integrates in the same 8 pin DIP or SO package * one 1.24V precision voltage reference * two operationnal amplifiers * two diodes which impose a NOR function on the outputs of the operationnal amplifiers * one current source which can be activated/ inhibited thanks to an external pin. An immediate way to take advantage of the high integration and reliability of TSM101 is to use it as a voltage and current controller on power supplies secondary. The application note AN896 describes precisely how to use TSM101 in an SMPS battery charger. The TSM101 Evaluation Board is adaptable to any power supply or battery charger (SMPS or linear) as a voltage and current controller with minimal constraints from the user. HOW TO USE THE TSM101 EVALUATION BOARD ? The generic Electrical Schematic is shown on figure 1. It represents an incomplete SMPS power supply where the primary side is simplified. Figure 1 The "IN+"and "IN-" power inputs of the evaluation board should be connected directly to the power lines of the power supply secondary. The "Vcc" input of the evaluation board should be connected to the auxiliary supply line. In the case of an SMPS power supply, the "Reg" output of the evaluation board should be connected to the Optocoupler input to regulate the PWM block in the primary side. In the case of a linear power supply, the "Reg" output should be connected to the base of the darlington to regulate the power output. A diode might be needed on the output of the evaluation board in the case of a battery charger application to avoid the discharge of the battery when the charger is not connected. COMPONENTS CALCULATIONS The voltage control is given by the choice of the resistor bridge R6/R7 (and the trimmer P1) due to equation 1 : * Vref = R6/(R6+R7)xVout eq1 where Vref = 1.24V
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TSM101/A
The current control is given by the choice of the voltage drop through the sense resistor R5 (to be linked to the nominal current of the application) and by the value of the sense resistor itself. For medium currents (< 1A), a good value for the voltage drop through R5 can be Vsense = 200mV (dissipation < 200mW). The resistor bridge R2/R3 should be chosen following equation 2 : * Vsense = R3/(R2+R3)xVref eq2 The total value of the resistor bridge should be in the range of the kW in order to ensure a proper charge for the voltage reference (in the range of the mA). To set the current limit, the sense resistor R5 should be chosen following equation 3 : * Ilim = Vsense/R5 eq3 The internal current generator (Isce) can be used to offset the current limitation with a lower value. This current generator is activated by connecting pin 2 to ground. It is inhibited if pin 2 is connected to the positive rail via the pull up resistor R1. The current offset is given by the choice of the resistor R4. If Ilim1 is the current limit calculated in the previous paragraph, and Ilim2 is the current limit that is to be set when pin 2 is connected to ground, R4 should be chosen following equation 4 : * R4 = (Vsense - Ilim2xR5)/Isce eq4 where Isce = 1.4mA C4 and C5 are bypass capacitors used to smoothen the regulated outputs. C2 and C3 are capacitors used for high frequency compensation. EXAMPLES OF COMPONENT LISTS Table 1 summerizes a few examples of component lists to generate quickly 15V/700mA/200mA, 12V/1A/500mA or 8.2V/200mA/100mA voltage and current regulations.
Voltage/ Current Control R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 P1 2 straps C2 C3 C4 C5
15V 700mA 200mA 10k 1.2k 220k 100 1.2 x 4 1k 12k 100 0 100nF 100nF 10F 100nF
12V 1A 500mA 10k 1.2k 220k 68 0.8 x 4 1k 8.2k 100 0 100nF 100nF 22F 100nF
8.2V 200mA 100mA 10k 1.2k 220k 68 1 x 1 1k 5.6k 100 0 100nF 100nF 4.7F 100nF
Figure 2
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TSM101/A
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA 8 PINS - PLASTIC DIP
Millimeters Dim. Min. A a1 B b b1 D E e e3 e4 F i L Z 0.51 1.15 0.356 0.204 7.95 2.54 7.62 7.62 6.6 5.08 3.81 1.52 Typ. 3.32 1.65 0.55 0.304 10.92 9.75 0.020 0.045 0.014 0.008 0.313 Max. Min.
Inches Typ. 0.131 0.065 0.022 0.012 0.430 0.384 0.100 0.300 0.300 0260 0.200 0.150 0.060 Max.
3.18
0.125
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TSM101/A
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA 8 PINS - PLASTIC MICROPACKAGE (SO)
L C a3 b1 c1
a2 b e3 D M
A
s E
8
5 F
1
4
Millimeters Dim. Min. A a1 a2 a3 b b1 C c1 D E e e3 F L M S 0.1 0.65 0.35 0.19 0.25 4.8 5.8 1.27 3.81 3.8 0.4 4.0 1.27 0.6 8 (max.) 0.150 0.016 Typ. Max. 1.75 0.25 1.65 0.85 0.48 0.25 0.5 45 (typ.) 5.0 6.2 0.189 0.228 Min. 0.004 0.026 0.014 0.007 0.010
a1
Inches Typ. Max. 0.069 0.010 0.065 0.033 0.019 0.010 0.020 0.197 0.244 0.050 0.150 0.157 0.050 0.024
Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, STMicroelectronics assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of STMicroelectronics. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. STMicroelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of STMicroelectronics. (c) The ST logo is a registered trademark of STMicroelectronics (c) 2001 STMicroelectronics - Printed in Italy - All Rights Reserved STMicroelectronics GROUP OF COMPANIES Australia - Brazil - China - Finland - France - Germany - Hong Kong - India - Italy - Japan - Malaysia - Malta - Morocco Singapore - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - United Kingdom (c) http://www.st.com
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